<\/ul>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.19.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.medes.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/medes_prodigima_12-04-2022-017_MD-1.jpg” title_text=”Centrifugeuse MEDES” _builder_version=”4.19.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.medes.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/medes_prodigima_12-04-2022-094.MD_.jpg” title_text=”Salle de contr\u00f4le centrifugeuse MEDES” _builder_version=”4.19.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.19.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#e8e8e8″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.19.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.19.1″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.1″ _module_preset=”default” min_height=”26px” animation_style=”fade” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Why use a centrifuge ?<\/h2>\n
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During spaceflight, the human organism adapts to the new environment and in particular to microgravity (or weightlessness) but deconditions itself to Earth’s gravity. This exposure to microgravity primarily causes changes in the cardiovascular system (due in particular to a migration of body fluids to the upper part of the body), changes in the sensory-motor system, atrophy of the muscles involved in posture and locomotion, and a decrease in bone density during long flights.<\/p>\n
These physiological changes mean that astronauts need to readjust on returning to Earth. Similar problems could be faced by astronauts arriving on Mars, where gravity is about one third of Earth’s.<\/strong><\/p>\nTo combat the effects of microgravity and to prepare for the return of astronauts to Earth, studies have been conducted for several years on preventive means called \u2018countermeasures\u2019<\/strong>.<\/p>\nSince the beginning of spaceflight, various countermeasures have been tested on the ground and then in flight. To date, however, none of them have proven entirely satisfactory. They are only partially effective, probably because they only affect one physiological system at a time. Space agencies are continuing to conduct simulation studies to assess new countermeasures. For the moment, however, they have found no ideal countermeasure which is effective in the shortest possible time.<\/p>\n
Artificial gravity offers a more global approach to the problem of countermeasures. It simply simulates our terrestrial gravitational environment, thereby affecting all our physiological systems.<\/strong><\/p>\nOn behalf of the space agencies, MEDES is thus testing different artificial gravity protocols.<\/strong><\/p>\nCentrifugation reproduces a hydrostatic pressure gradient with blood flowing into the lower limbs as observed on Earth in the standing position. Artificial gravity can also be expected to have a preventive effect on muscle and bone changes through increased mechanical loads. It may also be useful to combine centrifugation with other measures, such as muscular exercise to increase the preventive effects. A number of studies have been undertaken in this area, including one combining centrifugation and physical exercise in 2022.<\/p>\n
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Centrifuge and control roomPractical informationIn 2007, MEDES acquired a short-arm centrifuge. This was modified in 2022 to allow for new experimentation needs. The centrifuge is housed at the MEDES Space Clinic and is used as a countermeasure (i.e. as a preventive measure) in a number of studies. Built under an ESA contract and with ESA\u2019s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"
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La centrifugeuse<\/h1>
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Informations pratiques<\/h2>
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R\u00e9alis\u00e9e sous contrat ESA et avec leur soutien, une centrifugeuse \u00e0 bras courts a \u00e9t\u00e9 install\u00e9e dans les locaux de MEDES en 2007. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9e en 2022 pour pouvoir permettre de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 de nouveaux besoins d'exp\u00e9rimentation.<\/p>
Dans le d\u00e9tail, la centrifugeuse se pr\u00e9sente ainsi :<\/p>
- En version de laboratoire au sol, cette centrifugeuse a un diam\u00e8tre de l\u2019ordre de 6 m\u00e8tres<\/li>
- La centrifugeuse occupe deux pi\u00e8ces<\/strong> (la centrifugeuse proprement dite et la salle de contr\u00f4le).<\/li>
- La centrifugeuse, dans sa nouvelle version est \u00e9quip\u00e9e de 2 bras<\/strong>. Ces bras ont \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7us afin d\u2019\u00eatre confortables pour des personnes de taille diff\u00e9rente.<\/strong> Le volontaire est plac\u00e9 la t\u00eate en direction de l'axe de rotation. Un rail permet de d\u00e9placer le volontaire, en fonction de sa taille, sur le bras de la centrifugeuse.<\/li>
- Chaque bras est \u00e9quip\u00e9 de poign\u00e9e permettant d'enclencher un arr\u00eat d'urgence. Au-dessus du volontaire<\/strong> sont install\u00e9s une cam\u00e9ra, des spots permettant de voir le visage du sujet tout au long du test et un \u00e9cran affichant des informations sur la centrifugation en cours (vitesse de rotation, temps qu\u2019il reste, acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration subie, etc.) ou toute autre image.<\/li>
- La centrifugeuse peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre \u00e9quip\u00e9e d'un v\u00e9loergom\u00e8tre permettant de r\u00e9aliser des protocoles combinant gravit\u00e9 artificielle et exercice.<\/li>
- Une liaison audio est \u00e9galement assur\u00e9e<\/strong> par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire d\u2019un casque et d\u2019un micro permettant une communication permanente avec les op\u00e9rateurs faisant fonctionner la centrifugeuse (ceux-ci sont toujours au moins au nombre de 2 dont un m\u00e9decin).<\/li>
- L\u2019intensit\u00e9 de la force centrifuge est adaptable \u00e0 chaque personne<\/strong> en fonction de sa taille et de l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration que l\u2019on souhaite appliquer.<\/li>
- Cette centrifugeuse est \u00e9galement \u00e9quip\u00e9e de 2 appareils m\u00e9dicaux permettant de surveiller m\u00e9dicalement les sujets au cours des s\u00e9ances de centrifugation<\/strong>. En effet, les param\u00e8tres vitaux (\u00e9lectrocardiogramme (ECG), pression art\u00e9rielle, fr\u00e9quence cardiaque, fr\u00e9quence respiratoire, saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne, etc\u2026) sont enregistr\u00e9s et transmis sur un \u00e9cran de la salle de contr\u00f4le et sont ainsi surveill\u00e9s par le m\u00e9decin en temps r\u00e9el.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>
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Pourquoi utiliser une centrifugeuse ?<\/h2>
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Au cours des vols spatiaux, l\u2019organisme humain s\u2019adapte au nouvel environnement et en particulier \u00e0 la microgravit\u00e9 (ou apesanteur) mais se d\u00e9conditionne \u00e0 la gravit\u00e9 terrestre. Ainsi, l\u2019exposition \u00e0 la microgravit\u00e9 entra\u00eene principalement : des modifications du syst\u00e8me cardiovasculaire (dues en particulier \u00e0 une migration des liquides de l\u2019organisme vers la partie haute du corps), des modifications du syst\u00e8me sensori-moteur, une atrophie des muscles impliqu\u00e9s dans la posture et la locomotion et une diminution de la densit\u00e9 osseuse lors des vols de longue dur\u00e9e.
Ces modifications physiologiques posent des probl\u00e8mes de r\u00e9adaptation lors du retour sur Terre et en poseront peut-\u00eatre lors d\u2019une arriv\u00e9e potentielle sur Mars o\u00f9 la gravit\u00e9 est environ le tiers de la gravit\u00e9 terrestre.<\/strong>
Pour lutter contre ces effets de la microgravit\u00e9 et pr\u00e9parer le retour des astronautes sur Terre, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es depuis de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, des moyens pr\u00e9ventifs appel\u00e9s contre-mesures.<\/strong>
Depuis le d\u00e9but des vols spatiaux, diff\u00e9rentes contre-mesures ont \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9es au sol puis en vol. \u00c0 ce jour n\u00e9anmoins, aucun n\u2019a donn\u00e9 enti\u00e8re satisfaction. Elles n\u2019ont qu\u2019une efficacit\u00e9 partielle, probablement parce qu\u2019elles n\u2019int\u00e9ressent qu\u2019un syst\u00e8me physiologique \u00e0 la fois. Les agences spatiales continuent de mener des \u00e9tudes de simulation pour \u00e9valuer de nouvelles contre-mesures. Mais pour l\u2019instant il n\u2019existe pas de contre-mesure id\u00e9ale agissant en un minimum de temps.<\/p>La gravit\u00e9 artificielle repr\u00e9sente d\u00e8s lors une approche plus globale au probl\u00e8me des contre-mesures puisqu\u2019elle permet de simuler simplement notre environnement gravitationnel terrestre, ayant ainsi des r\u00e9percussions sur l\u2019ensemble de nos syst\u00e8mes physiologiques.<\/strong><\/p>MEDES, pour le compte des agences spatiales est donc amen\u00e9 \u00e0 tester diff\u00e9rents protocoles de gravit\u00e9 artificielle.<\/strong><\/p>La centrifugation reproduit un gradient de pression hydrostatique avec un afflux de sang dans les membres inf\u00e9rieurs comme ce que l\u2019on observe sur Terre en position debout. On peut \u00e9galement esp\u00e9rer un effet pr\u00e9ventif de la gravit\u00e9 artificielle sur les modifications musculaires et osseuses par l\u2019augmentation des contraintes m\u00e9caniques. Il para\u00eet \u00e9galement int\u00e9ressant d\u2019associer \u00e0 la centrifugation d\u2019autres moyens tels que l\u2019exercice musculaire pour augmenter les effets pr\u00e9ventifs. Des \u00e9tudes en ce sens sont pr\u00e9vues et notamment une \u00e9tude associant centrifugation et exercice physique en 2022.<\/p>
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